2. DEFINITION OF LITERATURE The word literature is derived from the Latin term Litera which means letter. It has been defined by various writers. Because literature deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of man, literature can be said to be the story of man. Man’s loves, griefs, thoughts, dreams, and aspirations coached in a beautiful language is Literature.
3. In order to know the history of a nation’s spirit, one must read its literature. Brother Azurin defines Literature that it expresses the feelings of people to society, to the government, to his surroundings, to his Fellowmen and to his Divine Creator. Webster defines literature as anything that is printed, as long as it is related to the ideas and feelings of people, whether it is true, or just a product of one’s imagination. Salazar and Nazal says that true literature is a piece of written work which is undying.
4. In response to his everyday efforts to live, to be happy in his environment and, after struggles, to reach his Creator.
5. LITERARY STANDARDS Universality Artistry IntellectualValue Suggestiveness Spiritual Value Permanence Style
6. UNIVERSALITY Great literature is timeless and timely. Forever relevant, it appeals to one and all, anytime, anywhere, because it deals with elemental feelings, fundamental truths and universal conditions.
7. Artistry This is the quality that appeals to our sense of beauty.
8. Intellectual ValueA literary works stimulates thought. It enriches our mental life by making us realize fundamental truths about life and human nature.
9. Suggestiveness This is the quality associated with the emotional power of literature. Great literature moves us deeply and stirs our feeling and imagination, giving and evoking visions above and beyond the plane of ordinary life and experience.
10. Spiritual Value Literature elevates the spirit by bringing out moral values which makes a better persons. The capacity to inspire is part of the spiritual value of literature.
11. Permanence A great work of literature endures. It can be read again and again as each reading gives fresh delight and new insights and opens a new world of meaning and experience. Its appeal is lasting.
12. Style Thisis the peculiar way in which writers sees life, forms his ideas and expresses them.
13. Why do we need to studyPhilippine Literature?
14. We study Philippine Literature so that we can better appreciate our literary heritage. Through the study of Philippine Literature, we can trace our rich heritage of ideas and handed down to us from our forefathers. Understand that we have a noble traditions which can serve as the means to assimilate other cultures. Realize literary limitations conditioned by certain historical factors and we can take steps to overcome them. Manifest our deep concern for our own literature.
15. Literature and History Literature and history are closely interrelated. In discovering history of a race, a country, we basically understand their own culture and traditions, hence the written customs and traditions of a country, the dreams and aspirations of its people is called Literature. History can also be written down and this too, is literature. History therefore is an integral part of literature.
16. Literature and history however also have their differences. Literature may not necessarily be based on true events but history is.
17. Literary Compositions thatinfluenced the world The Bible or the Sacred Writings – This has become the basis of Christianity originating from Palestine and Greece. Koran- The Muslim Bible originating from Arabia. The Iliad and Odyssey – These have been the source of myths and legends of Greece. They were written by Homer.
18. The Mahabharata- The longest epic of the world. It contains the history of religion of India. Canterbury Tales- It depicts the religion and customs of the English in the early days. This originated from England and written by Chaucer. Uncle Tom’s Cabin- by Harriet Beecher Stowe of the US. This depicted the sad fate of slaves; this became the basis of democracy later on. The Divine Comedy – by Dante Alighieri This shows the religion and customs of the
19. El Cid Compeador – This shows the cultural characteristics of the Spaniards and their national history. The Song of Roland – This includes Doce Pares and Ronscesvalles of France. It tells about the Golden age of Christianity in France. The Book of the Dead – This includes the cult of Osiris and the mythology and theology of Egypt. One Thousand and One Nights or the Arabian Nights – From Arabia and Persia (Iran) It shows the ways of government, of industries and of the society of the Arabs
20. Genre of Literature Literature Prose Poetry
21. Types of Prose Novel- This is a long narrative divided into chapters. Short Story – It is a fictional narrative in prose consisting of a series of events designed to create a single dominant effect. It is intended to be read in one sitting Plays- These are presented on a stage, is divided into acts and each acts has many
22. Essay- is a prose composition with a focused subject of discussion or a long systematic discourse. The word essay is taken from the French infinitive essayer to try or to attempt Biography – This deals with the life of a person. Fairytale – Is a type of narrative that relates the lives and adventures of supernatural spirit.
Thursday, June 6, 2013
Metropolitan Manila (Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila) or the National Capital Region (NCR) (Filipino: Pambansang Punong Rehiyon) is the capital of the Philippines and among the world's thirty most populous metropolitan areas. Metro Manila is one of the two defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines, the other being Metro Cebu.
Metro Manila is the metropolitan area that contains the city of Manila, as well as sixteen surrounding cities and municipalities, including Quezon City, the capital from 1948 to 1976. Metro Manila is the political, economic, social, and cultural center of the Philippines, and is one of the more modern metropolises in Southeast Asia. Among locals, particularly those from Manila proper and those in the provinces, Metro Manila is often simply referred to as Manila; however locals from other parts of the metropolis may see this as offensive, owing to city pride and also the fact that some cities are actually geographically closer to the neighboring provinces than to Manila itself. Metro Manila is often abbreviated as M.M.. The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) is located in Makati City.
Metro Manila is the smallest of the country's administrative regions, but the most populous and the most densely populated, having a population of 9,932,560 (2000 census) in an area of only 636 square kilometers. It is also the only region without any provinces. The region is bordered by the provinces of Bulacan to the north, Rizal to the east, and Cavite and Laguna to the south. Metro Manila is also sandwiched by Manila Bay to the west and Laguna de Bay to the southeast with the Pasig River running between them, bisecting the region.
The term Metro Manila should not be confused with the metro rail system of the region, and the word metro itself always describes the metropolitan area (as in the metro). The railways are called by their abbreviations, such as the LRT and the MRT, also known as Light Rail Transit and Metro Rail Transit, respectively.
On paper, Manila is the designated capital and seat of the Philippine government, but in practice, the seats of government are all around Metro Manila. The executive and administrative seat of government is located in Manila, so is the judiciary. The upper house of the legislature (Senate of the Philippines) is located in Pasay City, and the lower house (House of Representatives of the Philippines) in Quezon City.
The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (abbreviated ARMM) is the region, located in the Mindanao island group of thePhilippines, that is composed of predominantly Muslim provinces, namely: Basilan (except Isabela City), Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Suluand Tawi-Tawi. It is the only region that has its own government. The regional capital is at Cotabato City, although this city is outside of its jurisdiction.
The ARMM previously included the province of Shariff Kabunsuan until 16 July 2008, when Shariff Kabunsuan ceased to exist as a provinceafter the Filipino Supreme Court declared the "Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act 201", which created it, unconstitutional in Sema v. Comelec.[1] On 7 October 2012, President Benigno Aquino III said that the government aimed to have peace in the region and it will be known as "Bangsamoro".[2]
For the most part of the Philippines' history, the region and most of Mindanao has been a separate territory, which enabled it to develop its own culture and identity. The region has been the traditional homeland of Muslim Filipinos since the 15th century, even before the arrival of the Spanish who began to colonize most of the Philippines in 1565. Muslim missionaries arrived in Tawi-Tawi in 1380 and started the conversion of the native population to Islam. In 1457, the Sultanate of Sulu was founded, and not long after that the sultanates of Maguindanao and Buayan were also established. At the time when most of the Philippines was under Spanish rule, these sultanates maintained their independence and regularly challenged Spanish domination of the Philippinesby conducting raids on Spanish coastal towns in the north and repulsing repeated Spanish incursions in their territory. It was not until the last quarter of the 19th century that the Sultanate of Sulu formally recognized Spanish sovereignty, but these areas remained loosely controlled by the Spanish as their sovereignty was limited to military stations and garrisons and pockets of civilian settlements in Zamboanga and Cotabato,[5] until they had to abandon the region as a consequence of their defeat in the Spanish-American War.
In 1942, during the early stages of Pacific War (a theater of the Second World War), troops of the Japanese Imperial Forces invaded and overran Mindanao. Three years later, in 1945, combined United States and Philippine Commonwealth Army troops liberated Mindanao, and with the help of local guerrilla units ultimately defeated the Japanese forces occupying the region.
Central Mindanao was a region of the Philippines, located in central Mindanao, and was officially designated as Region XII.
Prior to the creation of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, these provinces comprised the region:
With the creation of ARMM, Lanao del Sur and Maguindanao were removed from the region, leaving Lanao del Norte, North Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat as constituent provinces.
With the addition of South Cotabato and Sarangani, the region was renamed as SOCCSKSARGEN and Central Mindanao as a political entity ceased to exist, although the "Central Mindanao" name lives on as a description to the provinces populated by Muslim Filipinos.
The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) is a region in the Philippines composed of the provinces of Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalingaand Mountain Province, as well as Baguio City, the regional center. The Cordillera Administrative Region encompasses most of the areas within the Cordillera Central mountains of Luzon, the largest mountain range in the country. It is the country's only land-locked region. The region is home to numerous indigenous tribes collectively called the Igorot
On June 18, 1966, Republic Act No. 4695[2] was enacted to split Mountain Province into four separate and independent provinces of Mountain Province, Benguet, Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao.
Prior to the formal creation of Cordillera Administrative Region, as a consequence of the constitutional mandate under the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the former four provinces was loosely under Cagayan Valley Region while the fifth province Abra was grouped under Ilocos Region.
On July 15, 1987, President Corazon C. Aquino issued Executive Order No. 220 which created the Cordillera Administrative Region, that includedMountain Province, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao and annexed the province of Abra as part of the Cordillera Administrative Region, giving the region formal autonomy as part of her political compromise to the Cordillera People's Liberation Army, a rebel group operating in the mountain region.
On February 14, 1995, Kalinga-Apayao, one of the five provinces of the region was split into two separate and independent provinces of Apayao and Kalinga with the enactment of Republic Act No. 7878.[2]
Several attempts at legalizing autonomy in the Cordillera region have failed in two separate plebiscites. An affirmative vote for the law on regional autonomy is a precondition by the 1987 Philippine Constitution to give the region autonomy in self-governance much like the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao in southern Philippines. The first law Republic Act No. 6766, took effect on October 23, 1989 but failed to muster a majority vote in the plebiscite on January 30, 1990.[3] The second law, Republic Act No. 8438 passed by Congress of the Philippines on December 22, 1997, also failed to pass the approval of the Cordillera peoples in a region-wide referendum on March 7, 1998.
At present, a third organic act of the Cordillera is in the offing supported by the Cordillera Regional Development Council.
Caraga is an administrative region of the Philippines, on the northeastern portion of the island of Mindanao, also called Region XIII. The Caraga Region was created through Republic Act No. 7901 on February 23, 1995. The region is composed of five provinces: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur and Dinagat Islands;[1] six cities: Bayugan, Butuan, Cabadbaran, Surigao, Tandag, Bislig; 67 municipalities and 1,311 barangays. Butuan City is the regional center.
The "Kalagans", called "Caragans" by the Spaniards, occupied the district composed of the two provinces of Surigao, the northern part of Davao Oriental and eastern Misamis Oriental. The two Agusan provinces were later organized under the administrative jurisdiction of Surigao and became the independent Agusan province in 1914. In 1960, Surigao was divided into Norte and Sur, and in June 1967, Agusan followed suit. While Butuan then was just a town of Agusan, the logging boom in the 1950s drew business to the area. On August 2, 1950, by virtue of Republic Act 523, the City Charter of Butuan was approved. It is reported that during the early years of the Caraga region, its inhabitants came from mainland Asia, followed by Malayans, Arabs, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish and Americans. Migrants from the Visayan and Luzon provinces later settled in the area. Most of its inhabitants speak Cebuano and reside in the rural areas.
Southern Mindanao, designated as Region XI,[1] is one of the regions of the Philippines, located on the southeastern portion ofMindanao. Davao Region consists of four provinces, namely: Compostela Valley, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, and Davao del Sur. The region encloses the Davao Gulf and its regional center is Davao City. Davao is the Hispanicized pronunciation of daba-daba, the Bagobo word for "fire" (the Cebuano translation is "kalayo").
Many historians believe that the name "Davao" is actually the mixture of the three names that three different tribes, the earliest settlers in the region, had for the Davao River. The Obos, an aboriginal tribe, referred to the Davao River as Davohoho. Another tribe, the Bagobos, referred to the river as Davohaha, which means "fire", while another tribe, the Guiangan tribe, called the river as Duhwow.
The history of the region dates back to the times when various tribes occupied the region. It is believed that the Manobos, Mandayas and the Bagobos actually occupied the area. These are the same tribes that created the small settlements and communities that eventually became Mindanao.
Northern Mindanao’s topography is varied. There are plains, forests, mountains, hills and coastal areas. The area supports agriculture and aquaculture. The soil is rich in minerals. There are hydro-electric plants to provide a steady supply of electricity. Northern Mindanao has a wealth of natural resources.
Although Mindanao was never fully conquered by Spain, traces of Catholic influence can be seen throughout the region: the site of the first Christian settlement in Bayug, Lanao del Norte; the Monastery of the Transfiguration (home of an impressive boys’ choir) in Malaybalay; and the Immaculate Concepcion Cathedral (famous locally for its giant pipe organ) in Ozamiz.
The area’s cuisine has a strong Malay influence. Seafood is a staple. Spices – such as turmeric, garlic, ginger, roasted coconut, and chilies – are used liberally.
The region’s attractions are a mix of the historical, the natural, and the man-made. There are several beaches good for diving and snorkeling. You can go on mountain climbing expeditions. For the more adventurous, there’s rappelling in Katibawasan Falls. You can even see the fierce Philippine Eagle up close. Or go squid fishing and visit the Giant Clams Ocean Nursery in Kantaan, Guinsiliban.
Western Mindanao is named after the Maguindanaons who constituted the largest Sultanate historically, and evidence from maps made during the 17th and 18th centuries suggests that the name was used to refer to the island by natives at the time. Evidence of human occupation dates back tens of thousands of years. In prehistoric times the Negrito people arrived. Sometime around 1500 BC Austronesian peoples spread throughout the Philippines and far beyond.
Islam first spread to the region during the 13th century through Arab traders from present-dayMalaysia and Indonesia. Prior to this contact, the inhabitants of the area were primarily animists living in small autonomous communities. The indigenous population was quickly converted and the firstmosque in the Philippines was built in the mid 14th century in the town of Simunul. The Philippine sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao were subsequently in the 15th and 16th centuries, respectively. In the late 16th to early 17th centuries, the first contact with Spain occurred. By this time, Islam was well established in Mindanao and had started influencing groups as far north as present-day Manila on the island of Luzon.
Upon the Spaniards' arrival to the Philippines, they were dismayed to find such a strong Muslim presence on the island, having just expelled theMoors from Spain after centuries of fighting. In fact, the name Moros (the Spanish word for "Moors") was given to the Muslim inhabitants by the Spanish.[2] Caesarea Caroli was the name given by Villalobos to the island of Mindanao when he reached the sea near it. This was named after the Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (and I of Spain).
The region is home to most of the country's Muslim or Moro populations, composed of many ethnic groups such as the Maranao and the Tausug, theBanguingui (users of the vinta), as well as the collective group of indigenous tribes known as the Lumad.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Lumads controlled an area which now covers 17 of Mindanao’s 24 provinces, but by the 1980 census, they constituted less than 6% of the population of Mindanao and Sulu. Heavy migration to Mindanao of Visayans, spurred by government-sponsored resettlement programmes, turned the indigenous Lumads and Moros into minorities.
Eastern Visayas or Region VIII is one of the two regions of the Philippines having no land border with another region, MIMAROPA being the other. It is composed of two main islands, Leyte and Samar, connected by the famous San Juanico Bridge. It consists of six provinces and seven cities,[2] namely, Biliran, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Northern Samar, Samar, Southern Leyte, the cities of Ormoc City, Baybay City, Maasin City,Calbayog City, Catbalogan City, Borongan City and the highly-urbanized city of Tacloban, the regional center. These provinces and cities occupy the easternmost islands of Visayas: Samar, Leyte and Biliran.
Eastern Visayas lies on the east central part of the Philippines archipelago. It is composed of two main islands, Leyte and Samar, which formed the eastern most coast of the archipelago. It is bounded by Philippine sea on the east and north with San Bernardo Strait separating Samar island from southeastern Luzon: Camotes sea and Visayas sea on the west: Bohol sea on the south with Surigao Strait separating Leyte island from northwestern Mindanao. It has a total land area of 2,156,285 hectares or 7.2% of the country’s total land area.
Central Visayas, designated as Region VII, is a region of the Philippines located in the central part of the Visayas island group. It consists of fourprovinces—Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental, and Siquijor— and the highly urbanized cities of Cebu City, Lapu-Lapu City, and Mandaue City. The region is dominated by the native speakers of Cebuano. Cebu City is its regional center.
The land area of the region is 15,875 km². As of the 2007 census, it has a population of 6,398,628, making it the 5th most populous of the country's 17 regions.
The Western Visayas region was created from Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Iloilo (including its then-subprovince of Guimaras) and Negros Occidental by Presidential Decree No. 1 as part of the Integrated Reorganisation Plan of President Ferdinand Marcos.
The Province of Palawan was transferred to Region VI (Western Visayas) on May 23, 2005 by Executive Order 429.[4] The Department of the Interior and Local Government announced in June 2005 that the transfer had been completed.[5] However, Palaweños criticized the move, citing a lack of consultation, with most residents in Puerto Princesa City and all municipalities but one preferring to stay with Region IV-B. Consequently, Administrative Order No. 129 was issued on August 19, 2005 to address this backlash. This Order directed the abeyance of Executive Order 429 pending the approval of an implementation plan for the orderly transfer of Palawan from Region IV-B to Region VI.[3] Hence, Palawan is currently (as of May, 2007) still part of Region IV-B.
The Bicol Region is located in the southernmost tip of Luzon Island, the largest island in the Philippine archipelago. The total land area of the region is 18,054.3 km2 (6,970.8 sq mi),[5] which or 5.9% of the total land area of the country. Around 69.3% of the total land area is alienable and disposable while the remaining 30.7% is public forest areas.
The region is bounded by Lamon Bay to the north, Pacific Ocean to the east, and Sibuyan Sea and Ragay Gulf to the west. The northernmost province, Camarines Norte, is bordered to the north by the province of Quezon, thereby connecting the region to the rest of Luzon.
Southern Tagalog, the Batangas Regional Hospital serves as the referral center for patients coming from lower category hospitals in the Province of Batangas, Quezon and the island provinces of Romblon, Oriental and Occidental Mindoro.
Region IV is divided into two, Region IV-A CALABARAZON to include the provinces of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon. Region IV B MIMAROPA to include Mindoro (Oriental and Occidental) Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan.
There are four (4) Congressional Districts within the province of Batangas. The most populous being the Second District (to which Batangas City belongs) and the Fourth District. Batangas province has three cities, Batangas City (the Capital) Lipa City and Tanauan City. In addition, Batangas province has 31 municipalities.
The Congressional Districts outside the province but within the region are Oriental Mindoro, Occidental Mindoro, Laguna, Quezon, Cavite, Romblon and Rizal. These districts are the source of patients of the Batangas Regional Hospital, the primary source being the province of Batangas. The island provinces of Oriental and Occidental Mindoro comes next probably because the port of Batangas is the gateway to South Luzon and the first stop.
Central luzonCentral Luzon Region is located north of Manila, the nation's capital. Bordering it are the regions of Ilocos, Cordillera Administrative Region andCagayan Valley regions to the north; National Capital Region, CALABARZON and the waters of Manila Bay to the south; South China Sea to the west; and the Philippine Sea to the east.
There are fourteen cities which include: Balanga in Bataan; Malolos, Meycauayan and San Jose del Monte in Bulacan; Cabanatuan, Gapan,Muñoz, Palayan and San Jose in Nueva Ecija; Angeles, Mabalacat and San Fernando in Pampanga; Tarlac in Tarlac; and Olongapo in Zambales. Central Luzon produces the most rice in the whole country. Excess rice is delivered and imported to other provinces of the Philippines.
The City of San Fernando, in Pampanga, is the regional center.
The Cagayan Valley Region II is defined by the Cagayan River. The Province of Cagayan occupies the lower course of the river and the northeast corner of the island of Luzon (with a few offshore islets). Cagayan's area is 9,003 km². Its population was 952,000 (by the 2000 census) in 29 towns, of which Tuguegarao is the capital.
Archaeology indicates that the Cagayan Valley has been inhabited for half a million years, though no human remains of any such antiquity have yet appeared. The earliest inhabitants are the Agta, or Atta, food-gatherers who roam the forests without fixed abodes. A large tract of land has lately been returned to them. The bulk of the population are of Malay origin. For centuries before the coming of the Spanish, the inhabitants traded with Indians, Malays, Chinese, and Japanese. In the nineteenth century the prosperity found in tobacco cultivation caused many Ilokano to settle here. Tobacco is still a major factor in the economy of Cagayan, though a special economic zone and free port has been created to strengthen and diversify the provincial economy.
Cagayan has much to offer visitors: beaches, swimming, snorkeling, skin-diving, fishing in the river and the sea, hiking in primeval forest, mountain-climbing, archaeological sites, the remarkable collection of the provincial museum, the Callao Caves, and many fine churches. Even here there are fortifications built to protect the inhabitants from raids by the Mara.
The Philippine Republic's Region II, Cagayan Valley, contains two landlocked provinces, Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya. Both are relatively small in size (3057 km2 for Quirino, 4081 km2 for Nueva Vizcaya) and population (147,000 and 365,000, respectively, by the 2000 census). They are ruggedly mountainous and heavily forested. Nueva Vizcaya is the remnant of the southern province created when Cagayan Province was divided in two in 1839. They are ethnically and linguistically diverse, with a substrate of Agtas, Negritos who are food-gatherers with no fixed abodes, overlaid by Ilongots and others in a number of tribes, some of whom were fierce head-hunters (they have given up the practice), with the latest but largest element of the population being Ilokano.
Nueva Vizcaya comprises 15 towns; Bayombong is the capital. Agriculture in both has until recently consisted of slash-and-burn cultivation of corn and maize, though more stable cultivation of vegetables and fruits is becoming established. They produce logs and are trying to manage their forest resources so that production can be sustained indefinitely. They have deposits of gold, silver, copper, iron. Nueva Vizcaya has sand and clay.
At Balete Pass in Nueva Vizcaya the retreating Japanese under General Tomoyuki Yamashita dug in and held on for three months against the American and Filipino forces who eventually drove them out; the pass is now called Dalton Pass in honor of General Dalton, USA, who was killed in the fighting.
Nueva Vizcaya was probably named after Biscay (English: Biscay, Basque: Bizkaia) province in northern Spain. In this case there is some vexillological relationship between them, as the flag of New Biscay bears the arms of Biscay impaled on its seal.
The Cagayan Economic Zone Authority (CEZA) is in Santa Ana, Cagayan.
The province of Isabela is the richest in Cagayan Valley. It was the Top 10 Richest Province in the Philippines in 2011, being the only province of Northern Luzon to be included in the list.
Region 1 was first inhabited by the aboriginal Negritos before they were pushed by successive waves of Malay/Austronesian immigrants that penetrated the narrow coast. Tingguians in the interior, Ilocanos in the north, and Pangasinense in the south settled the region.
From the data on the population distribution of Region 1, it is clear that not all the inhabitants are Ilocanos. Around one-third are non-Ilocanos and yet there is a popular misconception that all the inhabitants are Ilocanos. The use of the term Ilocos Region promotes the wrong notion that all the residents of Region 1 are Ilocanos. Before the administration of Ferdinand Marcos, Pangasinan was not a part of the region.
The Spanish arrived in the 16th century and established Christian missions and governmental institutions to control the native population and convert them to the Roman Catholic Church. Present-day Vigan City in Ilocos Sur province became the bishopric seat of Nueva Segovia. Ilocanos in the northern parts were less easily swayed, however, and remained an area filled with deep resentments against Spain. These resentments bubbled to the surface at various points in the Ilocos provinces' history as insurrections, most notably that of Andres Malong and Palaris of Pangasinan, Diego Silang and his wife Gabriela Silang in 1764, and the Basi Revolt in the 19th century. However, it was the Pangasinenses in the south who were the last to be stand against the Spaniards.
In 1901, the region came under American colonial rule, and in 1941, under Japanese occupation.
During 1945, the combined American and the Philippine Commonwealth troops including with the Ilocano and Pangasinese guerillas liberated the Ilocos Region from Japanese forces during the Second World War.
Several modern presidents of the Republic of the Philippines hailed from the Region: Elpidio Quirino, Ferdinand Marcos, and Fidel V. Ramos.
Before the formation of the Cordillera Administrative Region, Region 1 also included the provinces of Abra, Mountain Province, and Benguet. Before Region 1 was modified by Ferdinand Marcos,Pangasinan was not part of the region.
I.The isles of my Portfolio in Literature 111
II. Students Output of E-Portfolio
Hapinat, Kristina
Cassandra
Dagnaus, Cherry Mae
Calvo, Rona Mae
Isidro, Shiela Mae
Acain, Arlene
Florendo, Rhema
Braga, Ruston Jake
Muriel
Barrere, Queenie
Malapascua, Shena
Solivio, Joan
Delos Santos, Cheryl
III. Literature as a Platform in Education for Sustainable Development
Dickens believed that
enriching people’s life with knowledge and enjoyment of the arts was key to
building a fair society and creating opportunities. Dickens 2012 is committed
to following Dickens’s educational mission by supporting learning activities
around the world, from teachers’ conferences and family workshops to creative
writing master classes and writing competitions.
WHY WE NEED
LITERATURE
1. Literature offers
the best way of teaching extensive reading skills. Non-literature reading
programs, and especially programs for non-native speakers, focus on short
passages. Big international surveys such as PISA (or tests of basic skills) are
based on many readings of very short passages. Yet extensive reading is a
different kettle of fish. To read something longer, you need to stay aware of
macrostructures such as plot.
2. Literature offers
a way of linking the emotional with the intellectual. If students are to learn
reading effectively, they have to remember significant turns in plot, and this
will only happen, in the first instance, if those turns have emotional impact.
So it harnesses the emotional to the cognitive. When literature does what it
should, though, it acts against the alienation of the emotional and the
intellectual.
3. Literature teaches
values with emotional force. To take an American example, To Kill a Mockingbird
is at once a condemnation of America, and a celebration of an archetypal
American hero: the man who stands up to defy his whole community in defence of
what’s right (the same character as John Proctor of The Crucible, in a
way). Khaled Hosseini does something similar in A Thousand Splendid Suns when
Mariam stands up to accept her death in defence of her co-wife and her co-wife’s
children. Students need to feel the force of these things, or values will not
be strong in their lives–but they also need to be able to defend themselves.
There’s nothing about literature that says it always has to be moral. Many
people think that the Yugoslav war comes down in part to poetry, to the sort of
thing Serbian students learned in school. Karadzic is an expert on folk
ballads.
4. Literature has the
power to change destructive ways of thinking on many levels. In my life, poetry
has been a wonderful thing. When your emotions bear down on you to see the
world in a negative light, and believe that it’s not you, it’s just real, at a time
like that, you need something as powerful as poetry. It can crystalize what you
feel at that moment, or it can transform it into something better. I believe in
memorizing poetry. If you memorize a poem, it will become a part of your
emotional structure, and it can only do that because its structure is
unyielding. It will not give, and that’s why it is worth it to you. When I was
in teachers’ college in Montreal in 1983, I read George Gabori’s wonderful book
When Evils Were Most Free.
He was a political
prisoner in Stalinist Hungary. When he was in solitary confinement, he
exercised his mind by trying to remember all the poetry he ever knew. He says
by the time he got out, he could recite for eight hours at a stretch without
repeating himself. That is how important literature is.
5. Literature is
about reality. Some of you out there have probably read deconstructionist
criticism from the eighties that goes on about literature being only about
itself. What nonsense. Literature is about itself in so far as it is a
self-contained system. But so is mathematics, and yet the bridges built by
mathematical calculation stay up. “Poems are imaginary gardens with real frogs
in them.” Who said that?
IV . Reflection in Literature
Turn Around
I used to eat bread
at breakfast,
but now I prefer to
eat rice at breakfast.
I used to hate you
but now I prefer to
love you.
I used to watch
movies at night,
but now I prefer to
sleep at night.
I used to sing when I
woke up,
but now I prefer to
dance when I woke up.
I used to call her in
her first name,
but now I prefer to
call her friend.
I used to like him
with his good looks,
but now I prefer to
like him with his golden heart.
I used to write a
letter for you ,
but now I prefer to
text you.
I used to tease her,
but now I prefer to
comfort her .
I used to listen
during class,
but now I prefer to
take down notes during the class.
I used to eat
sandwich during recess,
but now I prefer to
eat bunwhich during recess.
I used to wait for
your text,
but now I prefer to
wait for your call.
I used to,
but now I prefer to.
I used to do
assignment at home,
but now I prefer to
do assignment at room.
I used to buy clothes
every occasion,
but now I prefer to
buy clothes every time I have money.
I used to admire Coco
Martin,
but now I prefer to
admire Chris Tiu.
I used to like color
pink,
but now I prefer to
like color green.
I used to make friend
with her,
but now I prefer to
make foe with her.
I used to eat
chocolates,
but now I
prefer to eat ice cream.
I used to be
with you,
but now I
prefer to be alone with you.
I used to think
about my problems,
but now I
prefer to forgot about my problems.
I used to watch
showtime,
but now I
prefer to watch eat Bulaga.
I used to be
afraid wuth monters,
but now I
prefer to not believe on monsters.
I used to
answer my own assignments,
but now I
prefer to copy assignments.
I used to eat,
but now I
prefer to cook.
I used to like
boxing,
but now I
prefer to like basketball.
I used to watch
cartoons,
but now I prefer to
watch drama.
I used to hate you
but now I prefer to
kill you.
I used to bake cakes,
but now I prefer to
eat cakes.
I used to comb my
hair,
but now I prefer to
bounce my hair.
I used to angry with
my sister,
but now I prefer to
be friend with my sister.
I used to plant
trees,
but now I prefer to
plant waters.
I used to hate
vegetables,
but now I prefer to
love vegetables.
I used to sung a rap
songs,
but now I prefer to
sing love songs.
I used to travel
around the world,
but now I prefer to
stay at house.
I used to miss you,
but now I prefer to
hate you.
I used to kiss kids,
but now I prefer to
bite kids.
I used to play dolls,
but now I prefer to
decorate dolls.
I used to run,
but now I prefer to
walk.
I used to shout,
but now I prefer to
talk.
I used to I used to
wear slippers,
but now I prefer to
wear shoes.
I used to eat apples,
but now I prefer to
eat oranges.
I used to idolized
Robin,
but now I prefer to
idolized Paulo.
I used to absent,
but now I prefer to
be present.
I used to eat at
restaurants,
but now I prefer to
eat at carenderias.
I used to go to net
cafe,
but now I prefer to
net at home.
I used to borrow
money,
but now I prefer to
to let them borrow my money.
I used to drink
coffee,
but now I prefer to
drink choco.
CONTRAST
POEM
I am not
a dress so you cannot iron me,
I am not
a dress so you cannot wear me,
I am not
a dress so you cannot sell me,
I am not
a dress so you cannot hang me,
I am not
a dress so you cannot fold me.
I am not
a keyboard so you cannot change me,
I am not
a keyboard so you cannot press me,
I am not
a keyboard so you cannot scratch me,
I am not
a keyboard so you cannot dictate me,
I am not
a keyboard so you cannot judge me.
I am not
a movie so you cannot pay me,
I am not
a movie so you cannot judge me,
I am not
a movie so you cannot play me,
I am not
a movie so you cannot direct me,
I am not
a movie so you cannot buy me.
I am not
soap so you cannot use me,
I am not
soap so you cannot buy me,
I am not
soap so you cannot wash your hands by me,
I am not
soap so you cannot smell me,
I am not
soap so you cannot rub me.
I am not
a phone so you cannot press me,
I am not
a phone so you cannot sell me,
I am not
a phone so you cannot pawn me,
I am not
a phone so you cannot bought me,
I am not
a phone so you cannot share me.
I am not
a jewelry so you cannot decorate me,
I am not
a jewelry so you cannot pawn me,
I am not
a jewelry so you cannot use me,
I am not
a jewelry so you cannot borrow me,
I am not
a jewelry so you cannot afford me.
I am not
a facebook status so you cannot share me,
I am not
a facebook status so you cannot just comment on me,
I am not
a facebook status so i cannot tag me you,
I am not
a facebook status so i cannot update you,
I am not
a facebook status so i cannot like you.
I a m not
a motorcycle so you cannot break me,
I am not
a motorcycle so you cannot sell me,
I am not
a motorcycle so you cannot snatch me,
I am not
a motorcycle so you cannot stole me,
I am not
a motorcycle so you cannot wash me with oil.
I am not
a balloon so you cannot let go off me,
I am not
a balloon so you cannot hang me,
I am not
a balloon so you cannot decorate me,
I am not
a balloon so you cannot explode me,
I am not
a balloon so you cannot sit on me.
I am not
a wood so you cannot chop me,
I am not
a wood so you cannot cut me,
I am not
a wood so you cannot axed me,
I am not
a wood so you cannot burn me
I am not
a wood so you cannot paddle me.
I am not
a letter so you cannot wrote me,
I am not
a letter so you cannot scratch me,
I am not
a letter so you cannot throw me,
I am not
a letter so you cannot cry on me,
I am not
a letter so you cannot sent me,
I am not
a letter so you cannot respond on me.
I am not
a flower so you cannot offer me,
I am not
a flower so you cannot cut me,
I am not
a flower so you cannot pick me,
I am not
a flower so you cannot buy me,
I am not
a flower so you cannot sell me.
I am not
a coat so you cannot use me,
I am not
a coat so you cannot buy me,
I am not
a coat so you cannot sell me,
I am not
a coat so you cannot borrow me,
I am not
a coat so you cannot hang me.
I am not
a pillow so you cannot hug me,
I am not
a pillow so you cannot sleep on me,
I am not
a pillow so you cannot cover me,
I am not
a pillow so you cannot change me,
I am not
a pillow so you cannot buy me.
I am not
a note so you cannot take down me,
I am not
a note so you cannot write me,
I am not
a note so you cannot scratch me,
I am not
a note so you cannot buy me,
I am not
a note so you cannot fold me.
I am not
a tv so you cannot control me,
I am not
a tv so i cannot entertain you
I am not
a tv so you cannot louder me,
I am not
a tv so you cannot watch me,
I am not
a tv so you cannot waste your time on me.
I am not
a hair so you cannot fix me,
I am not
a hair so you cannot comb me,
I am not
a hair so you cannot design me in anything you want,
I am not
a hair so you brush me,
I am not
a hair so you cannot put pins on me.
I am not
a slipper so you cannot step on me,
I am not
a slipper so you cannot walk with me,
I am not
a slipper so I cannot carry you,
I am not
a slipper so I cannot fit with you
I am not
a slipper so you cannot buy me.
I am not
a star so you cannot stare on me,
I am not
a star so you cannot wish on me,
I am not
a star so you cannot dream of me,
I am not
a star so I cannot shine like diamond,
I am not
a star so you cannot reach for me.
I am not
a clock so you cannot check me,
I am not
a clock so you cannot ask for me,
I am not
a clock so you cannot problem me,
I am not
a clock so you cannot rush for me,
I am not
a clock so I cannot alarm you.
I am not
a door so you cannot open me,
I am not
a door so I cannot let you in,
I am not
a door so I cannot welcome you,
I am not
a door so you cannot close me,
I am not
a door so you cannot lock me.
I am not
a mirror so we are not the same,
I am not
a mirror so you cannot face with me,
I am not
a mirror so you cannot symmetric with me,
I am not
a mirror so you cannot break me,
I am not
a mirror so I cannot clown you.
I am not
a doll so you cannot play me,
I am not
a doll so you cannot control me,
I am not
a doll so I cannot make you feel good,
I am not
a doll so I cannot make entertain you,
I am not
a doll so you cannot dictate me.
I am not
a fan so I cannot comfort you,
I am not
a fan so I cannot gave air to you,
I am not
a fan so you cannot plug me,
I am not
a fan so you cannot turn me on,
I am not
a fan so you cannot move me faster.
I am not
a song so you cannot rhyme on me,
I am not
a song so you cannot relate with me,
I am not
a song so you cannot tune me,
I am not
a song so I cannot inspire you,
I am not
a song so I cannot give you motivation.
I am not
a water so I cannot go with the flow,
I am not
a water so I cannot take away your thirst,
I am not
a water so you cannot pour me,
I am not
a water so you don’t have to need me,
I am not
a water so you cannot froze me.
I am not
a money so I cannot gave you power,
I am not
a money so I cannot be the root of evil, I am not a money so I cannot be serve
as payment,
I am not
a money so I cannot be on your wallet, I am not a money so you cannot gave me.
I am not
a paper so you cannot write on me,
I am not
a paper so you cannot throw me,
I am not
a paper so you cannot trash me,
I am not
a paper so you cannot burn me,
I am not
a paper so you cannot crumple me.
I am not
a phone so you cannot press me,
I am not
a phone so you cannot sell me,
I am not
a phone so you cannot pawn me,
I am not
a phone so you cannot bought me,
I am not
a phone so you cannot share me
I am not
a flower so you cannot offer me,
I am not
a flower so you cannot cut me,
I am not
a flower so you cannot pick me,
I am not
a flower so you cannot buy me,
I am not
a flower so you cannot sell me.
I am not
a balloon so you cannot let go off me,
I am not
a balloon so you cannot hang me,
I am not
a balloon so you cannot decorate me,
I am not
a balloon so you cannot explode me,
I am not
a balloon so you cannot sit on me.
I am not
a wood so you cannot chop me,
I am not
a wood so you cannot cut me,
I am not
a wood so you cannot axed me,
I am not
a wood so you cannot burn me
I am not
a wood so you cannot paddle me.
I am not
a pen so you cannot use me,
I am not
a pen so you cannot buy me,
I am not
a pen so you cannot sell me,
I am not
a pen so you cannot barrow me,
I am not
a pen so you cannot forget me.
I am not
a beer so I cannot let you forget,
I am not
a beer so you cannot drink me,
I am not
a beer so you cannot open me,
I am not
a beer so you cannot tell me your problem,
I am not
a beer so I cannot be with you in times of problems.
I am not
a store so you cannot bought on me,
I am not
a store so you cannot look for something on me.
I am not
a store so I am not a variety,
I am not
a store so I don’t have what you need,
I am not
a store so you cannot demand on me.
I am not
a dance so I don’t have a beat,
I am not
a dance so don’t have fun on me,
I am not
a dance so I cannot entertain you,
I am not
a dance so you cannot sweat on me,
I am not
a dance so you cannot jump with me.
I am not
a note so you cannot take down me,
I am not
a note so you cannot write me,
I am not
a note so you cannot scratch me,
I am not
a note so you cannot buy me,
I am not
a note so you cannot fold me.
I am not
a movie so you cannot pay me,
I am not
a movie so you cannot judge me,
I am not
a movie so you cannot play me,
I am not
a movie so you cannot direct me,
I am not
a movie so you cannot buy me.
I am not
an alcohol so I cannot disinfect you,
I am not
an alcohol so I cannot protect you,
I am not
an alcohol so I cannot take away pain,
I am not
an alcohol so I cannot take away pain.
I am not
an alcohol so you cannot bring me.
I am not
a dress so you cannot iron me,
I am not
a dress so you cannot wear me,
I am not
a dress so you cannot sell me,
I am not
a dress so you cannot hang me,
I am not
a dress so you cannot fold me.
I am not
a keyboard so you cannot change me,
I am not
a keyboard so you cannot press me,
I am not
a keyboard so you cannot scratch me,
I am not
a keyboard so you cannot dictate me,
I am not
a keyboard so you cannot judge me.
I am not
a rose so I cannot let you feel well,
I am not
a rose so I don’t have thorns,
I am not
a rose so you cannot pick me,
I am not
a rose so you cannot offer me’
I am not
a rose so I cannot fresh you.
I a m not
a motorcycle so you cannot break me,
I am not
a motorcycle so you cannot sell me,
I am not
a motorcycle so you cannot snatch me,
I am not
a motorcycle so you cannot stole me,
I am not
a motorcycle so you cannot wash me with oil.
I am not
a toothbrush so you cannot brush me,
I am not
a toothbrush so you cannot use me,
I am not
a toothbrush so you cannot taste me,
I am not
a toothbrush so you cannot put paste on me,
I am not
a toothbrush so I cannot clean you.
I am not
a calculator so you cannot click me,
I am not
a calculator so you cannot sum me,
I am not
a calculator so you cannot add me,
I am not
a calculator so you cannot subtract me,
I am not
a calculator so you cannot divide me.
I am not
a class card so you cannot fail me,
I am not
a class card so you cannot pass me,
I am not
a class card so I cannot forget you,
I am not
a class card do you cannot check me,
I am not
a class card so you cannot be hard on me.
I am not
a dance so I don’t have a beat,
I am not
a dance so don’t have fun on me,
I am not
a dance so I cannot entertain you,
I am not
a dance so you cannot sweat on me,
I am not
a dance so you cannot jump with me.
I am not
an alcohol so I cannot disinfect you,
I am not
an alcohol so I cannot protect you,
I am not
an alcohol so I cannot take away pain,
I am not
an alcohol so I cannot take away pain.
I am not
an alcohol so you cannot bring me.
I am not
an exam so you cannot have to pass me,
I am not
an exam so you cannot correct me,
I am not
an exam so you cannot check me,
I am not
an exam so you cannot be fear of me,
I am not
an exam so you cannot be nervous.
I am not
chair so you cannot sit on me,
I am not
a chair so you cannot sell me,
I am not
so you cannot sleep on me,
I am not
a chair so you cannot stay on me,
I am not
a chair so I cannot carry you.
People
of Consequence
By Ines Taccad-Cammayo
Ines Taccad-Cammayo was born in Isabela and became a
university scholar during her College days. She took up a degree in AB
Journalism and MA in her selection” People of Consequence” was a first prize
winner in the Carlos Memorial Awards for Literature in 1969. Some of her
articles were published in the former Sunday Times Free Press, Graphics and
focus.
Elements
of the story
I.
Characters
Camus-
houseboy of a German haciendero
Meding-
lived in the Capitolyo for almost four years as servant of the of the Mayors
family.
II.
Settings
III.
Plot
Beginning Action
When Camus was a young man, he has been the houseboy of a
German haciendero. The German is a Bachelor and he often told Camus that his
punishments were for his own good became he must learn to shed his indolent and
clumsy ways if he ever hoped to amount to anything. Camus and his wife were
themselves becoming people of consequence. They now owned best in the barrio
which other lakeside Village lay at the base of a high chit which the people
called Munting Azul because a perpetual haze clung to its summit. Meding, his
wife leaved the hard driving manners of towns folk. It constantly amazed her
how she could make idle time yield profit, and even more astonishing, how
having made profit she held on to it.
Rising Action
All their life sentiment had very
little meaning perhaps because
Love had never
figured in the courtship. Camus married Meding because his father and her
father had agreed on the union.
Conflict
The superintendent
meet camus as Cook. It was insult for the part of camus, but he continue to
disguised as cook even if he’s not.
Denouement
Every step was taking
him nearer to the Superintendent’s house and how could he go to him
without the chuckins of his throat was parched the vendors thrust their wares
at him again. Pinipig, kroopek, Balut, Mais Laga above the voices a tinkling
bell now attracted him. He turned around, an ice cream, they exchanged a look
of understanding.
End
He watched the
vendor ,pat layers of muti-colored ice cream into the cone yellow,
violet, white. A final, careful pat of chocolate. He waved away the insistent
hands and wares of the other peddlers. . Slow he drew the money from his
pocket, picked the bill most frayed and gave it to the vendor. As he licked the
ice cream savoring the taste, he stretched out his hands for the change,
all was quiet in the plaza now, and suddenly he realized that he had almost
twenty pesos to spend as he pleased. He squinted craftly about him,
seeing for the first time the loud speakers talking to him alone. Yes he must
tell his wife how pleased the good lady had been, how truly live a gentlemen
and friend the superintendent was.
V. Integration of Education for Sustainable Development to Literature
As well as the literature surrounding the integration of sustainable
development into the formal education curriculum has a big role in achieving
sustainable development specifically in literature. Because in development may
be necessary to meet human needs and improve the quality of life, it must
happen without depleting the capacity of the natural environment to meet
present and future needs. Good quality education is the essential tool for
achieving a more sustainable world in literature development about literature.
And also help the student to sustain their learning and is very important to
us. With the help of our teacher we develop our knowledge about literature..
Thank you Sir CHRISTOPHER BLASURCA……
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